Ultrasound Bioeffects

Ultrasound has had a profound influence on the practice of medicine, especially in obstetrics. It has been almost half a century since the first ultrasonic devices were developed to provide an image of the fetus. The early studies with these devices showed a potential to provide high-resolution information about the fetus, information that, if obtained by other techniques, could pose significant risks. Ultrasound did not appear to be associated with any known hazards. Thus, diagnostic ultrasound also gained wide clinical acceptance because it is convenient to use, comfortable for the patient, and not very expensive. The Bioacoustics Research Laboratory has had a major role in assessing ultrasound-induced biological effects (see Lung Damage Assessment for a current project). Below is a listing of some of the contributions over the years.

Bibliography

W. J. Fry and F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Irradiation of the Central Nervous System at High Sound Levels, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28, 129-13, 1956.

F. Dunn, Comments on Mechanical Mechanism of Destructive Effects of Sound on Tissue, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 395-396, 1957.

F. Dunn and W. J. Fry, An Ultrasonic Dosage Study: Functional End-point, Ultrasound in Biology and Medicine, ed. by E. Kelly Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci., Washington, D. C., pp. 226-235, 1957.

W. J. Fry and F. Dunn, Some Aspects of the Present Status of Ultrasound in Fundamental Biological Research and in Medicine A Report on the International Conference of Ultrasonics in Medicine, Los Angeles, California, September 6-7, 1957, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 1374-1375, 1957.

F. Dunn, Physical Mechanisms of the Action of Intense Ultrasound on Tissue, Am. J. Phys. Med. 37, 148-151, 1958.

W. J. Fry and F. Dunn, Ultrasound: Analysis and Experimental Methods in Biological Research, in Physical Techniques in Biological Research, Vol. IV, Chap. 6, ed. by W. L. Nastuk, pp. 261-394, Academic Press, New York, 1962.

F. Dunn, Temperature and Amplitude Dependence of Acoustic Absorption in Tissue, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 1545-1547, 1962.

S. A. Hawley, R. M. Macleod, and F. Dunn, Degradation of DNA by Intense, Non-cavitating Ultrasound, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1285-1287, 1963.

S. A. Hawley and F. Dunn, UHF Acoustic Interaction with Biological Media, Naturwissenschaften 51, 555-556, 1964.

F. Dunn, Passive and Active Ultrasound in Medicine, IEEE Int'l. Conv. Rec., Part II, 63 1965.

F. Dunn and S. A. Hawley, Ultrahigh-Frequency Acoustic Waves in Liquids and Their Interaction with Biological Structures, in Ultrasonic Energy: Biological Investigations and Medical Applications, ed. by E. Kelly, pp. 66-76, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1965.

R. M. Macleod and F. Dunn, On the Interaction of Intense, Noncavitating Ultrasound and Proteins in Solution, Congress Report, in Proc. of the 5th Int'l. Congr. on Acoustics, Liege, 4 pgs. , ed. by D. E. Commins Imprimerie Georges Thone, Liege, Vol. 1a, Paper C 43, 1965.

F. Dunn and W. J. Fry, Physical Acoustic Properties: Mammalian Tissues and Tissue Changes in Central Nervous System after Exposure to Ultrasound: Cat, Environmental Biology ed. by P. L. Altman and D. S. Dittmer, pp. 197-204, Fed. Amer. Soc. Exper. Biol., Bethesda, 1966.

F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Destruction and Injury: Cells and Microorganisms, in Environmental Biology, ed. by P. L. Altman and D. S. Dittmer, pp. 208-210, Fed. Amer. Soc. Exper. Biol., Bethesda, 1966.

F. Dunn, Ultrasound, in Handbook of Biochemistry and Biophysics ed. by H. C. Damm, pp. 660-670, World Publishing Co., Cleveland, 1966.

R. M. Macleod and F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Irradiation of Enzyme Solutions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1202-1203, 1966.

R. M. Macleod and F. Dunn, Effects of Ultrasonic Cavitation on Trypsin, a-Chymotrypsin, and Lactate Dehydrogenase Solutions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 527-529, 1967.

R. M. Macleod and F. Dunn, Effects of Intense Noncavitating Ultrasound on Selected Enzymes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 44, 932-940, 1968.

F. J. Fry, G. Kossoff, R. C. Eggleton, and F. Dunn, Threshold Ultrasonic Dosages for Structural Changes in Mammalian Brain, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 48, 1413-1417, 1970.

F. Dunn and F. J. Fry, Ultrasonic Threshold Dosages for the Mammalian Central Nervous System, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 18, 253-256, 1971.

F. Dunn, Interaction of Ultrasound and Tissue, in Ultrasono Graphia Medica, Proc. 1st World Congress on Ultrasonic Diagnostics in Medicine and SIDUO III, ed. by J. Bock and K. Ossoinig, pp. 451-455, Verlag der Wiener Medizinischen Akademie, Vienna, 1971.

F. Dunn and F. J. Fry, Interaction of Intense Ultrasound and the Mammalian Central Nervous System, in Proc. 7th Int'l. Congress on Acoustics, Vol. 4, 673-676, 25 U 16, Akademiai Liado, Budapest, 1971.

W. T. Coakley and F. Dunn, Degradation of DNA in High-Intensity Focused Ultrasonic Fields at 1 MHz, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 1539-1545, 1971.

W. T. Coakley, D. Hampton, and F. Dunn, Quantitative Relationships between Ultrasonic Cavitation and Effects upon Amoebae at 1 MHz, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 1546-1553, 1971.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr., M. L. Shore, R. K. Fred and W. M. Leach. On the Assessment of Risks from Ultrasound. Proceedings of the 1972 Ultrasonic Symposium, pp. 486-490, 1972.

W. T. Coakley and F. Dunn, Interaction of Megahertz Ultrasound and Biological Polymers, In Interaction of Ultrasound and Biological Tissues, ed. by J. M. Reid and M. R. Sikov, pp. 43-45, DHEW/FDA 73-8008, Rockville, 1973.

F. Dunn and W. T. Coakley, Interaction of Ultrasound and Microorganisms in Suspension, In Interaction of Ultrasound and Biological Tissues, ed. by J. M. Reid and M. R. Sikov, pp. 65-68, DHEW/FDA 73-8008, Rockville, 1973.

F. J. Fry and F. Dunn, Interaction of Ultrasound and Tissue, In Interaction of Ultrasound and Biological Tissues, ed. by J. M. Reid and M. R. Sikov, pp. 109-114, DHEW/FDA 73-8008, Rockville, 1973.

R. Lerner, E. L. Carstensen and F. Dunn, Frequency Dependence of the Acoustic Intensity Threshold for Ultrasonic Production of Thermal Lesions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 504-506, 1973.

C.A. Linke, E. L. Carstensen, L. A. Frizzell, A. Elbadiwi, and C. W. Fridd, "Localized Tissue Destruction by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound," Arch. Surg., 107: 887-891, 1973.

F. Dunn, J. E. Lohnes, and F. J. Fry, Frequency Dependence of Threshold Ultrasonic Dosages for Irreversible Structural Changes in Mammalian Brain, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58, 512-514, 1975.

W. T. Coakley and F. Dunn, Ultrasound and D.N.A., Lancet, No. 7943, ii, 1037-1038, 1975.

A. R. Williams, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and S. M. Syke. Microtubule Reorganization in Platelets May Express PF-3 Activity. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica, 33, 388-392, 1975.

F. Dunn and W. D. O'Brien, Jr., eds., Ultrasonic Biophysics, Benchmark Papers in Acoustics, 7, xix + 410 pages, Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, 1976.

A. R. Williams, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and B. S. Coller. Exposure to Ultrasound Decreases the Recalcification Time of Platelet Rich Plasma. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 2, 113-118, 1976.

A. R. Williams, S. M. Sykes and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Ultrasonic Exposure Modifies Platelet Morphology and Function In Vitro. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 2, 311-317, 1976.

J. K. Brady, S. A. Goss, R. L. Johnston, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and F. Dunn. Ultrasonic Propagation Properties of Mammalian Testes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 60, 1407-1408, 1976.

F. J. Fry, F. Dunn, J. Brady, W. D. Erdman, P. Strang, R. Kohn, I. Baird, and J. Cobb, Ultrasonic Toxicity Study of the Mouse Reproductive System and the Pregnant Uterus, In Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. II, ed. by D. White and R. Barnes, pp. 533-534, Plenum Press, New York, 1976.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Ultrasonically Induced Fetal Weight Reduction in Mice. In Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. 2, eds D. White and R. Barnes, pp. 531-532, Plenum Press, 1976.

R. L. Johnston and F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Absorbed Dose, Dose Rate, and Produced Lesion Volume, Ultrasonics 14, 153-155, 1976.

A. J. Coble and F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Production of Reversible Changes in the Electrical Parameters of Isolated Frog Skin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 60, 225-229, 1976.

R. L. Johnston and F. Dunn, Influence of Subarachnoid Structures on Transmeningeal Ultrasonic Propagation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 60, 1225-1227, 1976.

J. R. McKee, C. L. Christman, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and S. Y. Wang. Effects of Ultrasound on Nucleic Acid Bases. Biochemistry, 16, 4651-4654, 1977.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr., J. K. Brady, C. N. Graves and F. Dunn. Preliminary Report on Morphological Changes to Mouse Testicular Tissue from In Vivo Ultrasonic Irradiation in Proceedings of the Bureau of Radiological Health Symposium on Biological Effects and Characterization of Ultrasound Sources, pp. 182-195, ed. by D.G. Hazzard, and M.L. Litz, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1977.

M. E. Stratmeyer, L. R. Simmons, G. L. Jessup, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and F. Z. Pinkavitch. Growth and Development in Mice Exposed In Utero to Ultrasound in Proceedings of the Bureau of Radiological Health Symposium on Biological Effects and Characterization of Ultrasound Sources, pp. 140-145, ed. by D.G. Hazzard, and M.L. Litz, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977.

L.A. Frizzell, C. A. Linke, E. L. Carstensen, and C. W. Fridd, "Thresholds for Focal Ultrasonic Lesions in Rabbit Kidney, Liver, and Testicle," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., BME-24: 393-396, 1977.

S.K. Chan and L. A. Frizzell, "Ultrasonic Thresholds for Structural Changes in the Mammalian Liver," 1977 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, IEEE Cat. No. 77CH 1264-1SU, pp. 153-156, 1977.

F. Dunn and J. B. Pond, Selected Non-thermal Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound and Biological Media, in Ultrasound: Its Applications in Medicine and Biology, ed. by F. J. Fry Elsevier, pp. 539-559, Amsterdam, 1978.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Safety of Ultrasound. In Clinical Handbook of Ultrasound, ed. by M. deVlieger, J.H. Holmer, E. Kazner et al., pp. 99-108, Wiley, New York, 1978.

F. Dunn, Biological Effects of Ultrasound, in Ultrasound Short Course Transactions, ed. by M. H. Repacholi and D. A. Benwell, pp. 51-81, Minister, Nat'l. Health and Welfare, Ottawa, 1979.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr., J. K. Brady and F. Dunn. Morphological Changes to Mouse Testicular Tissue from In Vivo Ultrasonic Irradiation (Preliminary Report). Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 5, 35-43, 1979.

R. L. Johnston and F. Dunn, Hysterisis as an Interaction Mechanism of Ultrasound and Tissues, in Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Proc. 2nd World Federation for Ultrasound in Med. Biol. ed. by T. Wagai and R. Omoto, pp. 17-18, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1980.

K. I. Bailey, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and F. Dunn. Ultrasonically Induced In Vivo Morphological Damage in Mouse Testicular Tissue. Archives of Andrology, 6, 301-306, 1981.

F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Biophysics, in Encyclopedia of Physics, ed. by R. G. Lerner and G. L. Trigg, pp. 1075-1076, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1981.

M. J. Borrelli, K. I. Bailey, and F. Dunn, Early Ultrasonic Effects upon Mammalian CNS Structures Chemical Synapses, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1514-1516, 1981.

R. L. Johnston and F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Hysteresis in Biological Media, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 19, 137-148, 1981.

F. I. Braginskaya and F. Dunn, Some Aspects of the Effect of Ultrasound on Biological Structures, Biofizika 26, 542-543 1981, in Russian; Engl. transl. Biophysics 26, 550-551, 1981.

F. Dunn, Bioacoustics, in Physics Vade Mecum, ed. by H. L. Anderson, Sec. 2.13, p. 67, Am. Inst. Phys., NY, 1981.

H. L. Kim, M. F. Picciano and W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Influence on Maternal Dietary Protein and Fat Levels on Fetal Growth in Mice. Growth, 45, 8-18, 1981.

F. Dunn and H. P. Schwan. A Quantitative Similarity between Some Biological Effects of Ultrasound and Microwaves, Br. J. Cancer 45, Suppl. V, 93-94, 1982.

C. A. Cain and F. Dunn, Ultrasound Bioeffects Investigations: Controls, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 8, 207, 1982.

L. A. Frizzell and F. Dunn, Biophysics of Ultrasound, in Therapeutic Heat and Cold, ed. by J. F. Lehmann, Chap. 8, pp. 353-385, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1982.

F. Dunn and L. A. Frizzell, Bioeffects of Ultrasound, in Therapeutic Heat and Cold, ed. by J. F. Lehmann, Chap. 9, pp. 386-403, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1982.

F. Dunn, Selected Biological Effects of Ultrasound, In Essentials of Medical Ultrasound, ed. by M. Repacholi, Chap. 4, pp. 117-140, Humana Press, Clifton, 1982.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr., S. J. Januzik and F. Dunn. Ultrasound Biological Effects: A Suggestion of Strain Specificity. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine, 1, 367-370, 1982.

K. I. Bailey, W. D. O'Brien, Jr. and F. Dunn. Ultrasonically Induced Morphological Damage to Mouse Ovaries. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 9, 25-31, 1983.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Dose-Dependent Effect of Ultrasound on Fetal Weight in Mice. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine, 2, 1-8, 1983.

H. L. Kim, M. F. Picciano and W. D. O'Brien, Jr. The Combined Effect of Ultrasonic Exposure and Protein Restriction on Maternal and Fetal Mice. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 9, 165-175, 1983.

F. Dunn, A Provocative Statement on Ultrasound Bioeffects, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 9, 95-96, 1983.

L. A. Frizzell, C. S. Lee, P. D. Aschenbach, M. J. Borrelli, R. S. Morimoto, and F. Dunn, Involvement of Ultrasonically Induced Cavitation in Hind Limb Paralysis of the Mouse Neonate, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 74, 1062-1065, 1983.

W. L. Nyborg, P. L. Carson, F. Dunn, D. L. Miller, M. W. Miller, and M. C. Ziskin, Biological Effects of Ultrasound: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications, NCRP Rept. 74, xiii + 266 pages, Nat'l. Council on Rad. Prot. and Meas., Bethesda, 1983.

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging in Pregnancy. Report of an NIH Consensus Development Conference, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 84-667, 1984. Dr. O'Brien was a panel member of this NIH Consensus Development Conference.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Safety of Ultrasound with Selective Emphasis for Obstetrics. In Seminars in Ultrasound, H. W. Raymond and W. J. Zwiebel (eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 105-120, Grune and Stratton, Orlando, FL, 1984.

G. R. ter Haar and F. Dunn, Linear Thermocouple Arrays for in vivo Observation of Ultrasonic Hyperthermic Fields, Brit. J. Radiol. 57, 257-258, 1984.

K. I. Bailey, W. D. O'Brien, Jr., and F. Dunn, Ultrasonically Induced Temperature Elevation in Mouse Ovary, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 10, 492-499, 1984, Reprinted correctly, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 13, 29-31, 1987.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Ultrasonic Bioeffects: A View of Experimental Studies. Birth, 11:3, 143-157, Fall, 1984.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. and T. J. Withrow. An Approach to Ultrasonic Risk Assessment and an Analysis of Selected Experimental Studies. In Principals and Practices of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, pp. 15-22, R. C. Saunders and A. E. James, Jr., (eds.), Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, CT, 1985.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Biological Effects in Laboratory Animals. In Biological Effects of Ultrasound, W. L. Nyborg and M. C. Ziskin (eds.) pp. 77-84, Churchill Livingston, New York, 1985.

F. Dunn, Cellular Inactivation by Heat and Shear, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 24, 131-139, 1985.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Biological Effects of Ultrasound: Rationale for the Measurement of Selected Ultrasonic Output Quantities. Echocardiography-A Review of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 3, 165-179, 1986.

M. J. Borrelli, L. A. Frizzell, and F. Dunn, Ultrasonically Induced Morphological Changes in the Mammalian Neonatal Spinal Cord, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 12, 285-295, 1986.

K. I. Carnes and F. Dunn, Low Kilohertz Water-borne Ultrasound Biological Effects, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 25, 235-240, 1986.

L.A. Frizzell, D. L. Miller, and W. L. Nyborg, "Ultrasonically Induced Intravascular Streaming and Thrombus Formation Adjacent to a Micropipette," Ultrasound Med. Biol., 12: 217-221, 1986.

L.A. Frizzell and C. S. Lee, "Exposure Levels for Ultrasonic Cavitation in Mammals," Proc. Eighth Annual Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., Fort Worth, TX, Nov. 7-10, 1986, pp. 1026-1028.

F. Dunn, Bioacoustics, in Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 6th Ed., Ed. by S. P. Parker, pp. 505-506, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.

F. Dunn, K. Carnes, and L. Stein, Ultrasound Effects on Fetal Gonads: A Preliminary Report, in Ultraschall in Biologie und Medizin, ed. by H.-J. Hein, R. Millner and L. Pahl, pp.136-139, Martin Luther Univ., Halle/Saale, 1987.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. An Explanation of Bioeffect Mechanisms. (A Tape) In-Service Reviews in Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Vol. 7, Number 9, Educational Reviews, Inc., Birmingham, AL, 1987.

D. J. Skorton, S. M. Collins, J. F. Greenleaf, R. S. Meltzer, W. D. O'Brien, Jr., I. Schnittger and O. T. von Ramm. Ultrasound Bioeffects and Regulatory Issues: An Introduction for the Echocardiographer. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 1, 240-251, 1988.

K I. Carnes and F. Dunn, Absorption of Ultrasound by Mammalian Ovaries, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 434-437, 1988.

F. Dunn, Biological Effects of Ultrasound, in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation and Ultrasound, Proc. 22nd Ann. Mtg. pp. 329-346, National Council on Rad. Prot. Meas., NCRP, Bethesda, 1988.

Bioeffects Consideration for the Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 7, S1-S38, September, 1988. Dr. O'Brien was a co-chair of this activity.

L.A. Frizzell, "Biological Effects of Acoustic Cavitation," Chap. 7 in Ultrasound: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects, ed. by K. Suslick, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1988, pp. 287-303.

L.A. Frizzell, "Threshold Dosages for Damage to Mammalian Liver by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound," IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, UFFC-35: 578-581, 1988.

A.A. Atchley, L. A. Frizzell, R. E. Apfel, C. Holland, S. Madenshetty, and R. Roy, "Thresholds for Cavitation Produced in Water by Pulsed Ultrasound," Ultrasonics, 26: 280-285, 1988.

C.S. Lee and L. A. Frizzell, "Exposure Levels for Ultrasonic Cavitation in the Mouse Neonate," Ultrasound Med. Biol., 14: 735-742, 1988.

J. L. Drewniak, K. I. Carnes, and F. Dunn, In Vitro Ultrasonic Heating of Fetal Bone, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1254-1258, 1989.

F. I. Braginskaya, E. A. Zaitzeva, O. M. Zorina, O. M. Poltorak, E. S. Chukrai, and F. Dunn, Low Intensity Ultrasonic Effects on Yeast Hexokinase, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 29, 47-56, 1990.

L. A. Frizzell and F. Dunn, Biophysics of Ultrasound, in Therapeutic Heat and Cold, , 4th Ed, ed. by J. F. Lehmann, Chapter 7, 362-397, William and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1990.

F. Dunn and L. A. Frizzell, Bioeffects of Ultrasound, In Therapeutic Heat and Cold, 4th Ed, ed. by J. F. Lehmann, Chap. 8, 398-416, William and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1990.

F. Dunn, Ultrasonic Biophysics, in Encyclopedia of Physics, 2nd Ed, ed. by R. G. Lerner and G. L. Trigg, pp. 1322-1323. VCH Publs., New York, 1991.

K. I. Carnes, J. L. Drewniak, and F. Dunn, In Utero Measurement of Ultrasonically Induced Fetal Mouse Temperature Increases, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 17, 373-382, 1991.

F. Dunn, Ultrasound, IEEE Trans. Educ. 34, 266-268, 1991.

D. B. Tata and F. Dunn, Analysis of In Vitro Sarcoma Population Reduction Due to Combined Effects of Hematoporphyrin via First Order Rate Kinetics, Jpn. J. Med. Ultrasonics 18, 653-660, 1991.

W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Ultrasound Bioeffects Related to Obstetrical Sonography. In The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed., A. C. Fleischer et al. (eds.), pp. 15-23, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1991.

C. V. Vorhees, K. D. Acriff-Smith, W. P. Weisenburger, R. A. Meyer, N. B. Smith and W. D. O'Brien, Jr. A Teratologic Evaluation of Continuous-Wave, Daily Ultrasound Exposure in Unanesthetized Rats. Teratology, 44, 667-674, 1991.

G. Scherba, R. M. Weigel and W. D. O'Brien, Jr. Quantitative Assessment of the Germicidal Efficiency of Ultrasound. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 2079-2084, 1991.

WFUMB Symposium on Safety and Standardization in Medical Ultrasound: Issues and Recommendations Regarding Thermal Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound. Barnett, S. B.; Kossoff, G., eds. World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 18: 731-814; 1992. Dr. O’Brien was the co-chair of this international activity.

J. L. Drewniak and F. Dunn, On the Equivalence of Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound in Producing Temperature Elevations Resulting from Absorption, J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. E13, 115-120, 1992.

D. B. Tata and F. Dunn, Interaction of Ultrasound and Model Membranes: Analyses and Predictions, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 3548-3555, 1992.

W. L. Nyborg, P. L. Carson, E. L. Carstensen, F. Dunn, D. L. Miller, W. L. Miller, H. E. Thompson, and M. C. Ziskin, Exposure Criteria for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound: I. Criteria Based on Thermal Mechanisms, NCRP Report 113, xv + 278 pages , Nat'l. Council on Rad. Prot. and Meas., Bethesda, , 1992.

B.A. Haken, L.A. Frizzell and E.L. Carstensen, "Effect of Mode Conversion on Ultrasonic Heating at Tissue Interfaces," J. Ultrasound Med., 11:393-405, 1992.

A. F. Tarantal, F. Chu, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and A. G. Hendrickx. Sonographic Heat Generation In Vivo in the Gravid Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 12, 285-295, 1993.

A. F. Tarantal, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and A. G. Hendrickx. Evaluation of the Bioeffects of Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure in the Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). III. Developmental and Hematologic Studies. Teratology, 47, 159-170, 1993.

Bioeffects and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, AIUM Publications, Rockville, MD, 1993. Dr. O’Brien was the co-chair of this activity.

A. F. Tarantal and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Discussion of Ultrasonic Safety Related to Obstetrics. In Ultrasound Applied to Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd Edition, Rudy E. Sabbagha, ed., J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp 45-56, 1994.

N. B. Smith, A. G. Webb, D. S. Ellis, L. J. Wilmes and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Non-Invasive In Vivo Temperature Mapping of Ultrasound Heating using Magnetic Resonance Techniques. Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 1829-1832, 1994.
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J. E. Fisher, K. D. Acuff-Smith, M. A. Schilling, C. V. Vorhees, R. A. Meyer, N. B. Smith and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Teratologic Evaluation of Rats Prenatally Exposed to Pulsed-Wave Ultrasound. Teratology, 49, 150-155, 1994.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and J. F. Zachary. Mouse Lung Damage from Exposure to 30 kHz Ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 20, 287-297, 1994.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and J. F. Zachary. Comparison of Mouse and Rabbit Lung Damage Exposure to 30 kHz Ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 20, 299-307, 1994.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. A Bioeffect Produced at Diagnostic Levels. Proceeding of the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers Conference, pp 305-315, 1994.

Medical Ultrasound Safety. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, AIUM Publications, Laurel, MD, 1994. Dr. O’Brien was the co-editor of this activity.

C. V. Vorhees, K. D. Acuff-Smith, M. A. Schilling, J. E. Fisher, R. A. Meyer, N. B. Smith, D. S. Ellis and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Behavioral Teratologic Effects of Pernatal Exposure to Continuous-Wave Ultrasound in Unanesthetized Rats. Teratology, 50, 238-249, 1994.

L.A. Frizzell, E. Chen and C. Lee, "Effects of Pulsed Ultrasound on the Mouse Neonate: Hind Limb Paralysis and Lung Hemorrhage," Ultrasound Med. Biol., 20:53-63, 1994.

K. I. Carnes, R. A. Hess, and F. Dunn, The Effect of In Utero Ultrasound Exposure on Male Reproductive Development: Adult Consequences, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 21, 1247-1257, 1995.

N. B. Smith, A. G. Webb, D. S. Ellis, L. J. Wilmes and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Experimental Verification of Theoretical In Vivo Ultrasound Heating using Cobalt Detected Magnetic Resonance. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 42, 489-491, 1995.
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A. G. Webb, N. B. Smith, D. S. Ellis and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Non-Invasive In Vivo Temperature Mapping of Ultrasound Heating Using Fluorine-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents. Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 1609-1612, 1995.
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J. F. Zachary and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Lung Lesions Induced by Continuous and Pulsed Wave (Diagnostic) Ultrasound in Mice, Rabbits, and Pigs, Veterinary Pathology, 32, 43-54, 1995.

A. F. Tarantal,S. E. Gargosky, D. S. Ellis, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and A. G. Hendrickx. Hematologic and Growth-Related Effects of Frequent Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure in the Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 21, 1073-1081, 1995.
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W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Ultrasound Bioeffect Issues Related to Obstetric Sonography and Related Issues of the Output Display Standard. In The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th ed., A. C. Fleischer, F. A. Manning, P. Jeanty and R. Romero (eds.), pp 17-33, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1995.

D. S. Ellis and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. The Monopole-Source Solution for Estimating Tissue Temperature Increases for Focused Diagnostic Ultrasound. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 43, 88-97, 1996.
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J. L. Drewniak and F. Dunn, Interpretation of an Equivalent Heat Source Due to Absorption of Ultrasound in Biological Media, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 1250-1253, 1996.

D. B. Tata, J. Biglow, J. R. Wu, T. R. Tritton, and F. Dunn, Ultrasound Enhanced Hydroxyl Radical Production from Two Clinically Employed Anti-cancer Drugs: Adriamycin and Mitomycin C, Ultrasonics Sonochem. 3, 39-45, 1996.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and J. F. Zachary. Rabbit and Pig Lung Damage Comparison from Exposure to Continuous Wave 30-kHz Ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 22, 345-353, 1996.

J. E. Fischer, Jr., K. Acuff-Smith, M. A. Schilling, R. A. Meyer, N. B. Smith, M. S. Moran, W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and C. V. Vorhees. Behavioral Teratologic Evaluation of Prenatal Exposure to Pulsed-Wave Ultrasound in Unanesthetized Rats. Teratology, 54, 65-72, 1996.

F. Dunn, Bioacoustics Introduction, in Encyclopedia of Acoustics, Editor-in-Chief, M. J. Crocker, Part XV, Chap. 140, pp.1699-1701, Wiley, New York, 1997.

F. Dunn, Ultrasound Bioeffects and Clinical Diagnostic Relevance, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 36, 2946-2950, 1997.

D. B. Tata, F. Dunn, and D. J. Tindall, Selective Clinical Ultrasound Signals Mediate Gene Transfer in Advance Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines: LnCap and PC-3, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234, 64-67, 1997.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and J. F. Zachary. Lung Damage Assessment from Exposure to Pulsed-Wave Ultrasound in Rabbit, Mouse, and Pig. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control , 44, 473-485, 1997.
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W. D. O’Brien, Jr., Assessing the Risks for Modern Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging (Invited), Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 37, 2781-2788, 1998. (In Japanese: Ultrasonic Technology, 10, 62-68, 1998 and 10, 66-70, 1998). This contribution was in part supported by the IEEE UFFC Society.
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W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Temperature Increase Estimates for Transabdominal Obstetrical Exposures. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 1405-1408, 1998.

T. A. Siddiqi, M. Miodovnik , R. A. Meyer and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. In Vivo Ultrasonography Exposimetry: Human Tissue-Specific Attenuation Coefficients in the Gynecologic Examination. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180, 866-874, 1999.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr. and D. S. Ellis. Evaluation of the Soft-Tissue Thermal Index. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 46, 1459-1476, 1999.
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M. Goueygou, J. G. Harris and W. D. O’Brien, Jr. Time-domain Solution of the Temperature Increase Induced by Diagnostic Ultrasound. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 1385-1388, 1999.

C. K. Holland, W. D. O'Brien, Jr., A. F. Tarantal, L. A. Crum and P. L. Ferrer, Bioeffects in Tissues with Gas Bodies. In: Nonthermal Mechanical Bioeffects, Edited by B. Fowlkes and C. K. Holland, pp. 97-108, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Laural, Maryland. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 19, 67-168, 2000.

W. D. O’Brien, Jr., L. A. Frizzell, R. M. Weigel, and J. F. Zachary. Ultrasound-induced Lung Hemorrhage is not Caused by Inertial Cavitation Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108, 1290-1297, 2000.
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