Bioacoustics Research Lab
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering | Department of Bioengineering
Department of Statistics | Coordinated Science Laboratory | Beckman Institute | Food Science and Human Nutrition | Division of Nutritional Sciences | College of Engineering
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William D. O'Brien, Jr. publications:

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Title Heating of joint structures by ultrasound.
Author Lehmann JF, DeLateur BJ, Warren CG, Stonebridge JB.
Journal Arch Phys Med Rehabil
Volume
Year 1968
Abstract In joints exposed to ultrasound, comparable temperature distributions were shown the level of joint space and 2 cm. proximal. The highest temperatures were found in the meniscus and in the superficial bone above. The next highest temperature was found in the capsular tissue at both levels. These findings in conjunction with those of the two previous studies indicate that ultrasonic heating of articular and periarticular structures to therapeutic levels can be accomplished.


Title Heating produced by ultrasound in bone and soft tissue.
Author Lehmann JF, Delateur BJ, Warren CG, Stonebridge JS.
Journal Arch Phys Med Rehabil
Volume
Year 1967
Abstract The temperature distributions throughout the bone and soft tissues of hog thighs were measured before and after application of ultrasound. It was found that a selective rise of temperature occurred in front of the bone and the cancellous bone. The resultant temperatures were highest in the cancellous bone, and were, on average, 1 degree C higher than those in front of the bone. For therapeutic application in the human being these findings imply that the temperature of the tissue in front of the bone, where such structures as synovium and joint capsule are located, can be increased to therapeutic but not to tolerance levels, since the temperature in the cancellous bone will reach tolerance levels first. These experiments raise the question whether or not a different temperature distribution, with peak temperatures wihtin the joint structures, would be obtained at the level of the joint space. .The temperature differences between the dead and live pig attributed to blood flow changes, the cooling effect of which was greatest in and around the bone. This contrasts with the microwave studies, in which this cooling effect was greatest in the skin and subcutaneous tissues..


Title Heating techniques in hyperthermia. III. Ultrasound.
Author ter Haar G, Hand JW.
Journal Br J Radiol
Volume
Year 1981
Abstract No abstract available


Title Heating vs. cavitation in the induction of mouse hindlimb paralysis by ultrasound.
Author Miller DL, Creim JA, Gies RA.
Journal Ultrasound Med Biol
Volume
Year 1999
Abstract Grip strength tests were performed on hairless mice before and after various ultrasound exposures in a temperature-controlled water bath at 37 degrees C. Lithotripter exposure of 800 shock waves produced no effect on hindlimb function. In contrast, 1.09-MHz exposures at 1 MPa with 10:100 ms burst mode did produce a statistically significant reduction in grip strength of about 60%. The exposure duration was important for the 1.0-MPa burst mode exposure, with grip-strength reductions appearing after 150 s or longer exposures. Continuous exposure at 3.3 W cm(^-2) (0.32 MPa peak) for 200 s produced the same effect as burst mode exposure at 3.3 W cm(^-2) (1 MPa peak) for 200 s, which implicates the temporal average intensity as an important factor. The temperature elevations for 1-MPa burst mode was estimated from thermocouple measurements in the spine to be 12 degrees C after 200-s exposure. Although tests of exposures in cool (32 degrees C) and warm (42 degrees C) baths produced inconclusive results in regard to the thermal mechanism, the effects observed appear to result from ultrasonic heating (rather than from cavitation). Thus, any potentially harmful consequences associated with the effects examined might be related more, for example, to ultrasonic hyperthermia therapy than to shock-wave lithotripsy.


Title Hematologic and growth-related effects of frequent prenatal ultrasound exposure in the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis).
Author Tarantal AF, Gargosky SE, Ellis DS, O'Brien WD Jr, Hendrickx AG.
Journal Ultrasound Med Biol
Volume
Year 1995
Abstract Prior investigations have shown that reduced birth weights and transient neutropenias result from frequent exposure of monkey fetuses to ultrasound. To.further explore these findings, 26 animals were studied (16 exposed, 10 controls; "triple mode"; ATL Ultramark 9 with HDI; ISPTAd approximately 645 to 714.mW/cm2). Exposures were performed daily for 5 days each week from gestational days (GD) 21 to 35 (5 min), three times weekly from GD 36 to 60 (5.min), then weekly from GD 61 to 153 +/- 1 (10 min). Fetal blood samples (FBS) were collected for complete blood counts (CBCs), hematopoietic progenitor assay, circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) and binding proteins (IGFBP-3) (GD 120, 140, 153 +/- 1). Animals were delivered by Cesarean section at term (GD 153 +/- 1), and body weights, morphometrics, CBCs, and bone marrow aspirates assessed at delivery and postnatally for 3 months. Fetal neutropenias were noted in exposed animals in addition to reduced circulating progenitors (colony forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage.[CFU-GM]). Growth of CFU-GM from bone marrow was exuberant at term, whereas circulating levels were diminished comparable to prenatal samples. Exposed animals were smaller at birth; marked reductions in IGFBP-3 were noted prenatally. These data suggest that frequent prenatal ultrasound exposure can transiently alter the neutrophil lineage, although these findings may be the result of enhanced margination and organ sequestration. Data also suggest that transient, altered growth patterns may be due to perturbations of the IGF axis.


Title Hematoporphyrin as a sensitizer of cell-damaging effect of ultrasound.
Author Yumita N, Nishigaki R, Umemura K, Umemura S.
Journal Jpn J Cancer Res
Volume
Year 1989
Abstract Mouse sarcoma 180 or rat ascites hepatoma (AH) 130 cells were exposed to ultrasound (US; 1.27, 2.21 and 3.18 W/cm2; 1.92 MHz) for up to 60 s in vitro in the presence or absence of hematoporphyrin (Hp; 10, 25 and 50 micrograms/ml). The cell-damaging effects of treatments were determined by means of the Trypan Blue dye exclusion test. Hp alone did not show any cell-damaging effect, whereas US alone damaged 30 and 50% of sarcoma and AH 130 cells, respectively, at the maximum intensity for 60 s. In the presence of 50 micrograms/ml Hp, US damaged 99 and 95% of the above tumor cells, respectively. These results show that Hp increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to US.


Title Hemolysis in vivo from exposure to pulsed ultrasound.
Author Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, Cox C, Francis CW, Meltzer RS, Carstensen EL.
Journal Ultrasound Med Biol
Volume
Year 1997
Abstract Ultrasonically induced hemolysis in vivo when a commercial ultrasound contrast agent, Albunex, was present in the blood. Murine hearts were exposed for 5 min at either 1.15 or 2.35 MHz with a pulse length of 10 microseconds and pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz. During the exposure period, four boluses of Albunex were injected into a tail vein for a total of approximately 0.1 mL of Albunex. Following exposure, blood was collected by heart puncture and centrifuged, and the plasma was analyzed for hemoglobin concentration. With Albunex present in the blood, the threshold for hemolysis at 1.15 MHz was 3.0 +/- 0.8 MPa (mean +/- SD) peak positive pressure (approximately 1.9.MPa negative pressure, approximately 180 W cm-2 pulse average intensity). For the highest exposure levels (10 MPa peak positive pressure at the surface of the animal), the mean value for hemolysis was approximately 4% at 1.15 MHz and 0.46% at 2.35 MHz, i.e., the threshold at 2.35 MHz is > 10 MPa peak positive pressure. In contrast, hemolysis in control mice receiving saline injections at 10 MPa or sham-exposed (0 MPa) mice receiving Albunex was approximately 0.4%. .


Title Hemorrhage in murine fetuses exposed to pulsed ultrasound.
Author Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, Cox C.
Journal Ultrasound Med Biol
Volume
Year 1999
Abstract In the late-gestation fetal mouse, exposure to piezoelectric lithotripter fields at amplitudes < 1 MPa produced hemorrhages in tissues near developing bone, such as the head and limbs. This study was undertaken to determine if exposure to pulsed ultrasound at diagnostic frequencies produces similar hemorrhages in the late-gestation fetal mouse. On the 18th day of gestation, fetal mice were exposed in utero to pulsed ultrasound with a 10-micros pulse duration and 100-Hz pulse repetition frequency for a total exposure duration of 3 min. Hemorrhages occurred most often to the developing fetal head. At 1.2 MHz, a threshold for hemorrhage to the fetal head was determined at positive exposure pressures of approximately 4 MPa and corresponding negative pressures of approximately 2.5 MPa. The threshold increased with at least the first power of frequency.


Title Hemorrhage near fetal rat bone exposed to pulsed ultrasound.
Author Bigelow TA, Miller RJ, Blue JP Jr., O'Brien WD Jr.
Journal Ultrasound Med Biol
Volume
Year 2007
Abstract Ultrasound-induced hemorrhage near the fetal rat skull was investigated to determine if the damage could be correlated with temporal-average intensity. A 0.92-MHz f/1 spherically focused transducer (5.1-cm focal length) was used to expose the skull of 18- to 19-day gestation exteriorized Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses (n = 197). There were four ultrasound-exposed groups (n = 36 each), one sham exposed group (n = 36) and one cage control group (n = 17). Three of the ultrasound-exposed groups had the same peak compressional (10 MPa)/peak rarefactional (6.7 MPa) pressure but different spatial-peak temporal-average intensities (I(TA)) of 1.9, 4.7 and 9.4 W/cm(2); the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) was varied (100, 250 and 500 Hz, respectively). The fourth ultrasound-exposed group had a peak compressional (6.7 MPa)/peak rarefactional (5.0 MPa) pressure and corresponding I(TA) of 4.6 W/cm(2); PRF was 500 Hz. Hemorrhage occurrence increased slightly with increasing I(TA), as well as peak rarefactional pressure and PRF, but the hemorrhage area did not correlate with any of the exposure parameters.


Title Hemorrhage near fetal rat bone: Preliminary results.
Author Bigelow TA, Miller RJ, Blue JP Jr., O'Brien WD Jr.
Journal Proc Fifth Int Symp Ther Ultrasound
Volume
Year 2006
Abstract High-intensity ultrasound has shown potential in treating many ailments requiring noninvasive tissue necrosis. However, little work has been done on using ultrasound to ablate pathologies on or near the developing fetus. For example, Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (cyst on lungs), Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (benign tumor on tail bone), and Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (one twin pumps blood to other twin) are selected problems that will potentially benefit from noninvasive ultrasound treatments. Before these applications can be explored, potential ultrasound-induced bioeffects should be understood. Specifically, ultrasound-induced hemorrhage near the fetal rat skull was investigated. An f/1 spherically focused transducer (5.1-cm focal length) was used to expose the skull of 18- to 19-day-gestation exteriorized rat fetuses. The ultrasound pulse had a center frequency of 0.92 MHz and pulse duration of 9.6 ?s. The fetuses were exposed to 1 of 4 exposure conditions (denoted A, B, C, and D) in addition to a sham exposure. Three of the exposures consisted of a peak compressional pressure of 10 MPa, a peak rarefactional pressure of 6.7 MPa, and pulse repetition frequencies of 100 Hz (A), 250 Hz (B), and 500 Hz (C), corresponding to time-average intensities of 1.9 W/cm2, 4.7 W/cm2, and 9.4 W/cm2, respectively. Exposure D consisted of a peak compressional pressure of 6.7 MPa, a peak rarefactional pressure of 5.0 MPa, and a PRF of 500 Hz corresponding to a time-average intensity of 4.6 W/cm2. Hemorrhage occurrence increased slightly with increasing time-average intensity (i.e., 11% for A, 28% for B, 31% for C, and 19% for D with a 9% occurrence when the fetuses were not exposed). The low overall occurrence of hemorrhaging may be attributed to fetal motion (observed in over half of the fetuses from the backscattered echo during the exposure). The mean hemorrhage sizes were 3.1 mm2 for A, 2.5 mm2 for B, 2.7 mm2 for C, and 5.1 mm2 for D. The larger lesions at D may be related to these fetuses moving less as only 40% of the fetuses were observed moving for this exposure condition.


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