Bioacoustics Research Lab
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering | Department of Bioengineering
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Title Formation of *OH and *H in aqueous solutions by ultrasound using clinical equipment.
Author Makino K, Mossoba MM, Riesz P.
Journal Radiat Res
Volume
Year 1983
Abstract Hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms were produced in argon-saturated aqueous solutions exposed to ultrasound using clinical dental equipment. *OH and *H radicals were detected and identified by ESR and were spin trapped with 5,5-dimethyl-l-delta-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and a-4-pyridyl-l-oxide-N-tert-Butylnitrone (POBN). The observed ESR spectra were compared with those obtained from sonolysis of argon-saturated water in an ultrasonic bath, from g radiolysis of air-saturated water, and from uv photolysis of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions.


Title Fragmentation of purified mammalian DNA molecules by ultrasound below human therapeutic doses.
Author Galperin-Lemaitre H, Kirsch-Volders M, Levi S.
Journal Humangenetik
Volume
Year 1975
Abstract Because of the increasing medical use of ultrasound, especially in obstetrical diagnosis, it has become important to check its genetic harmlessness. Purified calf thymus DNA in solution was exposed to both therapeutic and obstetrical diagnostic doses of ultrasound. Intensities lower than those used in therapy have a drastic effect on purified DNA in solution, although intensities used in obstetrical diagnosis caused no visible effect.


Title Frameless stereotactic ultrasonography: method and applications.
Author Trobaugh JW, Richard WD, Smith KR, Bucholz RD.
Journal Comput Med Imaging Graph
Volume
Year 1994
Abstract In stereotactic neurosurgery, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images are registered in a coordinate system defined with respect to the.skull. By intraoperatively tracking the coordinate position of a surgical instrument, various displays can be formed which show the position of the instrument in the.MR and/or CT images. However, the accuracy of this display varies because intracranial structures may shift or warp from their position prior to surgery. Ultrasonic.imaging systems provide real-time images of the brain, but structures in these images are difficult to interpret because the images are based on ultrasonic echoes. A.method has been developed for the real-time registration of these images. With this registration, software continuously updates a corresponding image constructed.from the set of MR and/or CT images used for guidance. By developing this second view of the structures in the ultrasound image, the surgeon can easily interpret.the ultrasound image, and it becomes possible to determine the extent of the intra-operative structure shift between the two images.


Title Free radical formation and cell lysis induced by ultrasound in the presence of different rare gases.
Author Kondo T, Gamson J, Mitchell JB, Riesz P.
Journal Int J Radiat Biol
Volume
Year 1988
Abstract The effect of varying the temperature of cavitation bubbles in aqueous solutions of different rare gases on free radical formation and shearing stress induced by ultrasound was investigated. After sonication with 50kHz ultrasound the yield of hydroxyl radicals was measured by spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide and the cell lysis of cultured mammalian cells was.investigated. The hydroxyl radical yields were in the order Xe greater than Kr greater than Ar greater than Ne greater than He, in accord with the higher temperatures of the cavitation bubbles. However, cell lysis induced by shearing stress was the same for all of the rare gases, and independent of their thermal conductivity and the temperature of the cavitation bubbles.


Title Free radical formation induced by ultrasound and its biological implications.
Author Riesz P, Kondo T.
Journal Free Radic Biol Med
Volume
Year 1992
Abstract The chemical effects of ultrasound in aqueous solutions are due to acoustic cavitation, which refers to the formation, growth, and collapse of small gas bubbles in.liquids. The very high temperatures (several thousand K) and pressures (several hundred atmospheres) of collapsing gas bubbles lead to the thermal dissociation of.water vapor into .OH radicals and .H atoms. Their formation has been confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping. The sonochemistry of.aqueous solutions of gases and of volatile and nonvolatile solutes is reviewed. The similarities and differences between sonochemistry and radiation chemistry of.aqueous solutions are explained. Some unusual characteristics of aqueous sonochemistry can be understood by considering the properties of supercritical water. By.the use of rare gases with different thermal conductivities, it is possible to distinguish between temperature-dependent processes such as redox reactions initiated by..OH radicals and .H atoms and pressure-dependent processes which lead to polymer degradation and cell lysis. The evidence for free radical formation in aqueous.solutions by pulsed ultrasound is discussed. This subject is of interest because it is related to the possible deleterious effects of ultrasonic diagnostic devices. The role.of free radicals and of mechanical effects induced by ultrasound in DNA degradation, inactivation of enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and cell killing is reviewed.


Title Free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions.
Author Riesz P, Berdahl D, Christman CL.
Journal Environ Health Perspect
Volume
Year 1985
Abstract The physical principles underlying the oscillatory behavior of minute gas bubbles in liquids exposed to ultrasound are reviewed. Results from mathematical analyses suggest that these oscillations sometimes become unstable leading to transient cavitation in which a bubble violently collapses during a single acoustic half-cycle producing high temperatures and pressures. The role that micronuclei, resonant bubble size, and rectified diffusion play in the initiation of transient cavitation is explained. Evidence to support these theoretical predictions is presented with particular emphasis on sonoluminescence which provides some non-chemical evidence for the formation of free radicals. Acoustic methods for conducting sonochemical investigations are discussed. In aqueous solutions transient cavitation initially generates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals which may recombine to form hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide or may react with solutes in the gas phase, at the gas-liquid boundary or in the bulk of the solution. The analogies and differences between sonochemistry and ionizing radiation chemistry are explored. The use of spin trapping and electron spin resonance to identify hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals conclusively and to detect transient cavitation produced by continuous wave and by pulsed ultrasound is described in detail. The study of the chemical effects of cavitation in organic liquids is a relatively unexplored area which has recently become the subject of renewed interest. Examples of the decomposition of solvent and solute, of ultrasonically initiated free-radical polymerization and polymer degradation are presented. Spin trapping has been used to identify radicals in organic liquids, in polymer degradation and in the decomposition of organometallic compounds.


Title Free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous solutions of nucleic acid bases and nucleosides: An ESR and spin-trapping study...
Author Kondo T, Krishna CM, Riesz P.
Journal Int J Radiat Biol
Volume
Year 1988
Abstract Direct evidence for the detection of intermediate radicals of nucleic acid constituents induced by ultrasound in argon-saturated aqueous solution is presented. The method of spin trapping with 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulphonate, which is a water-soluble, non-volatile, aromatic nitroso spin trap, combined with ESR, was used for the detection of sonochemically induced radicals. Spin adducts were also generated by OH radicals produced by UV photolysis of aqueous solution containing H2O2. ESR spectra observed from these photolysis experiments were identical to those after sonolysis. The ESR spectra of the spin adducts suggest that the major spin-trapped radical of thymine and thymidine was the 5-yl radical, and that of cytosine, cytidine, uracil, and uridine was the 6-yl radical. To compare the radicals induced by sonolysis and photolysis, the decay of the ESR spectra of the thymine and thymidine spin adducts was investigated. The decay curves of thymine and thymidine after sonolysis indicated biphasic decay. However, after photolysis the spin adducts from both compounds showed very little decay. These results suggest that the observed spin adducts in the sonolysis of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides were formed by OH radical and H atom addition to the 5,6 double-bond.


Title Free radical production in amniotic fluid and blood plasma by medical ultrasound.
Author Crum LA, Walton AJ, Mortimer A, Dyson M, Crawford DC, Gaiton DF.
Journal J Ultrasound Med
Volume
Year 1987
Abstract Evidence is reported that continuous wave and long pulse ultrasonic systems can induce relatively large amounts of free radicals in biological fluids in vitro under conditions similar to those currently in use for therapeutic applications. The operating conditions and approximate threshold intensities under which these instruments can produce free radicals are described.


Title Free surface shape for an ultrasonic nebuliser.
Author Jenkins DR.
Journal Aust N Z Ind Appl Math J
Volume
Year 2003
Abstract Nebulisers are used for the delivery of fine droplets of drugs to the lungs or smaller bronchii. An ultrasonic nebuliser uses the oscillations caused by a piezoelectric crystal to produce a “fountain” in a liquid, which leads to the formation of a mist of fine particles. This work describes a model of an ultrasonic nebuliser, with the aim of demonstrating the mechanism of the fountain formation. It is shown that the oscillating ultrasound causes a mean flow in the liquid due to acoustic streaming, which in turn creates a deformation of the free surface. Cavitation within the liquid, which is an energy intensive process, leads to the dissipation neces sary for acoustic streaming to occur. Finally, a mechanism for explaining the location of the mist on the free surface is proposed, based upon the results.


Title Frequency dependence of acoustic parameters of freshly excised tissues.of Sprague Dawley rats.
Author Bhagat P, Kadaba M, Ware R, Cockerill W.
Journal Ultrasonics
Volume
Year 1977
Abstract A modified version of the pulse echo technique was used to measure the velocity of propagation and attenuation of ultrasound in excised tissue of young-adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The measurements were made at ultrasonic frequencies of 1.0, 2.25, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 MHz. The temperature of the tissues was monitored continuously to within +/- 0.1 degrees C of the ambient temperature. The acoustic parameters were measured in the liver, kidney, cardiac muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. All measurements were carried out in the near field region of the ultrasonic beam. It was observed that the velocity of propagation in tissues showed a slight dispersion with frequency. The attenuation in tissues increased with increasing.frequency.


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